Posts in category: Uncategorized

 Let X  = (X1,…,Xn) be the blood pressure (measured in mmHg) and let Y = (Y1,…,Yn) be the cortisol level (measured in mcg/dL) recorded for n = 79 patients recruited for a study in a hospital (Xi and Yi are measurements for the same patient). What test is most appropriate to gather evidence towards the alternative hypothesis that blood pressure is associated with cortisol level? Please provide the reasoning in detail for your answer.

A)  The two-sample paired t-test with the null hypothesis that the means of X and Y differ.

B)  The test with the null hypothesis that the Pearson correlation coefficient between X and Y is zero.

C)  The test with the null hypothesis that the regression coefficient is zero in a linear regression with response variable X (blood pressure) and explanatory variable Y (cortisol level).

(5 points)

ii)  Suppose that a treatment is proposed to reduce the duration from the time of infection date, to the time at which a first negative test is recorded in people with mild COVID-19 (call this time period the duration). Suppose that 27 people with mild COVID-19 (the study population) are administered the treatment and 73 people with mild COVID-19 are not administered the

treatment (the control population). Both populations are sampled from patients tested at the same clinic over the same period. Let the durations for the study sample be X = (X1, X2,…), and the durations for the control sample be Y = (Y1, Y2,…). What test is most appropriate to gather evidence towards the alternative hypothesis that the treatment reduces the duration? Please provide the reasoning for your answer. Please provide the reasoning in detail for your answer.

A)  The one-sided two-sample unpaired t-test with H0: The mean of X is greater than or equal to the mean of Y.

B)  The one-sided two-sample unpaired t-test with the null hypothesis that the mean of X is less than or equal to the mean of Y.

C)  The test against the null hypothesis that the Spearman’s ranked correlation coefficient between X and Y is zero.

D)  The one-sided two-sample paired t-test against H0: The mean difference between Xi and Yi is less than or equal to zero.

E)  The two-sided two-sample paired t-test with the null hypothesis that the mean difference between Xi and Yi is zero.

(5 points)

iii)  Road vehicle accidents involving ambulances have more detrimental outcomes than accidents involving other similarly sized vehicles (Ray and Kupas, 2005). Measures to avoid such accidents are continually being refined by organizations involved in emergency medical services. Suppose that a city council is interested in knowing if adoption of such measures has lead to an improvement over the last decade. Suppose that the ratio between the number of accidents 

iv)  involving ambulances (the numerator) and the number of kilometers driven by ambulances (the denominator) has been recorded (rt with units’ number of accidents per kilometer year) for each year t over the past decade. Which single one of the following statistical quantities is most relevant 

for investigating whether or not measures are leading to improvements? Please provide the reasoning in detail for your answer.

A)  The sample standard deviation of rt.

B)  The sample mean of rt.

C)  The Pearson correlation coefficient ρ between rt and t.

D)  The regression coefficient for t in a linear regression with rt as the response variable and t as the explanatory variable.

E)  The regression coefficient for rt in a linear regression with rt as the explanatory variable and t as the response variable.

Problem 2: Bayes’ rule

A study was conducted to assess the sensitivity and specificity of four different human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology tests (Koblavi-D`eme et al. 2001). The Determine test was among the four, it was developed by Abbott Laboratories (an American provider of health care, medical devices and pharmaceuticals) and was found to have a true negative rate (the true negative rate is also called specificity) of 99.4% and a true positive rate (the true positive rate is also called sensitivity) of 100%. The true negative rate of a test for a disease is the probability that someone without the disease tests negative. The true positive rate of a test for a disease is the probability that someone with the disease tests positive. HIV may be transmitted from an expecting parent to their child by transmission during childbirth or by transmission to the fetus during pregnancy (throughout, assume that there’s no other way for a newborn to be infected). Treatment by the drugs zidovudine or nevirapine has been shown to reduce the rate of these sorts of transmission of HIV by 38% to 50% in the absence of other intervention (Koblavi-D`eme et al. 2001).

a) Suppose that an expecting parent is infected with HIV and they are treated with zidovudine or nevirapine during pregnancy. Suppose that after they give birth, a Determine serology test reports a positive test for HIV. What is the probability that the child does not have HIV? Round your answer to the nearest 10-th of a percent.

 (6 points) 

b) UNAIDS (an organization established by the United Nations Economic and Social Council) estimates the prevalence of HIV in Cˆote d’Ivoire among people aged 15-49 to be 2.6%. If a Determine serology test reported a positive test for HIV in someone selected uniformly at random among all people in Cˆote d’Ivoire aged 15-49, what is the probability that the person does not have HIV? Round your answer to the nearest 10-th of a percent.

(4 points)

c) In the USA, according to the Centers for Disease Control (a public health institute within the United States Department of Health and Human Services), if someone has a positive serology test for HIV they are not diagnosed as HIV-positive until a second follow-up test also yields a positive test result. What is the probability that someone is incorrectly diagnosed as HIV-positive (i.e., if someone is not infected with HIV, what is the probability that their first test and also their second follow-up test are both positive)? Suppose that both tests are Determine serology tests, and also assume that the test results are statistically independent. Express your answer in expected number of events in a million (i.e. something like ‘a 36 in a million chance’ or ‘a one in a million chance’). Also: In one sentence, what is a possible argument as to why the assumption of independence of the two test results might be wrong? (Your argument does not have to be sound, but it must be valid without being tautological).

 (3 points) 

d) What is the probability that an HIV infected expecting parent transmits HIV to their child either during childbirth or through transmitting HIV to the fetus during pregnancy, given that the parent has not received treatment with the drugs zidovudine or nevirapine, and in the absence of other intervention, according to the preamble of this problem (in concordance with Koblavi-D`eme et al. 2001)?

(2 points) Let X  = (X1,…,Xn) be the blood pressure (measured in mmHg) and let Y = (Y1,…,Yn) be the cortisol level (measured in mcg/dL) recorded for n = 79 patients recruited for a study in a hospital (Xi and Yi are measurements for the same patient). What test is most appropriate to gather evidence towards the alternative hypothesis that blood pressure is associated with cortisol level? Please provide the reasoning in detail for your answer.

A)  The two-sample paired t-test with the null hypothesis that the means of X and Y differ.

B)  The test with the null hypothesis that the Pearson correlation coefficient between X and Y is zero.

C)  The test with the null hypothesis that the regression coefficient is zero in a linear regression with response variable X (blood pressure) and explanatory variable Y (cortisol level).

(5 points)

ii)  Suppose that a treatment is proposed to reduce the duration from the time of infection date, to the time at which a first negative test is recorded in people with mild COVID-19 (call this time period the duration). Suppose that 27 people with mild COVID-19 (the study population) are administered the treatment and 73 people with mild COVID-19 are not administered the

treatment (the control population). Both populations are sampled from patients tested at the same clinic over the same period. Let the durations for the study sample be X = (X1, X2,…), and the durations for the control sample be Y = (Y1, Y2,…). What test is most appropriate to gather evidence towards the alternative hypothesis that the treatment reduces the duration? Please provide the reasoning for your answer. Please provide the reasoning in detail for your answer.

A)  The one-sided two-sample unpaired t-test with H0: The mean of X is greater than or equal to the mean of Y.

B)  The one-sided two-sample unpaired t-test with the null hypothesis that the mean of X is less than or equal to the mean of Y.

C)  The test against the null hypothesis that the Spearman’s ranked correlation coefficient between X and Y is zero.

D)  The one-sided two-sample paired t-test against H0: The mean difference between Xi and Yi is less than or equal to zero.

E)  The two-sided two-sample paired t-test with the null hypothesis that the mean difference between Xi and Yi is zero.

(5 points)

iii)  Road vehicle accidents involving ambulances have more detrimental outcomes than accidents involving other similarly sized vehicles (Ray and Kupas, 2005). Measures to avoid such accidents are continually being refined by organizations involved in emergency medical services. Suppose that a city council is interested in knowing if adoption of such measures has lead to an improvement over the last decade. Suppose that the ratio between the number of accidents 

iv)  involving ambulances (the numerator) and the number of kilometers driven by ambulances (the denominator) has been recorded (rt with units’ number of accidents per kilometer year) for each year t over the past decade. Which single one of the following statistical quantities is most relevant 

for investigating whether or not measures are leading to improvements? Please provide the reasoning in detail for your answer.

A)  The sample standard deviation of rt.

B)  The sample mean of rt.

C)  The Pearson correlation coefficient ρ between rt and t.

D)  The regression coefficient for t in a linear regression with rt as the response variable and t as the explanatory variable.

E)  The regression coefficient for rt in a linear regression with rt as the explanatory variable and t as the response variable.

Problem 2: Bayes’ rule

A study was conducted to assess the sensitivity and specificity of four different human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology tests (Koblavi-D`eme et al. 2001). The Determine test was among the four, it was developed by Abbott Laboratories (an American provider of health care, medical devices and pharmaceuticals) and was found to have a true negative rate (the true negative rate is also called specificity) of 99.4% and a true positive rate (the true positive rate is also called sensitivity) of 100%. The true negative rate of a test for a disease is the probability that someone without the disease tests negative. The true positive rate of a test for a disease is the probability that someone with the disease tests positive. HIV may be transmitted from an expecting parent to their child by transmission during childbirth or by transmission to the fetus during pregnancy (throughout, assume that there’s no other way for a newborn to be infected). Treatment by the drugs zidovudine or nevirapine has been shown to reduce the rate of these sorts of transmission of HIV by 38% to 50% in the absence of other intervention (Koblavi-D`eme et al. 2001).

a) Suppose that an expecting parent is infected with HIV and they are treated with zidovudine or nevirapine during pregnancy. Suppose that after they give birth, a Determine serology test reports a positive test for HIV. What is the probability that the child does not have HIV? Round your answer to the nearest 10-th of a percent.

 (6 points) 

b) UNAIDS (an organization established by the United Nations Economic and Social Council) estimates the prevalence of HIV in Cˆote d’Ivoire among people aged 15-49 to be 2.6%. If a Determine serology test reported a positive test for HIV in someone selected uniformly at random among all people in Cˆote d’Ivoire aged 15-49, what is the probability that the person does not have HIV? Round your answer to the nearest 10-th of a percent.

(4 points)

c) In the USA, according to the Centers for Disease Control (a public health institute within the United States Department of Health and Human Services), if someone has a positive serology test for HIV they are not diagnosed as HIV-positive until a second follow-up test also yields a positive test result. What is the probability that someone is incorrectly diagnosed as HIV-positive (i.e., if someone is not infected with HIV, what is the probability that their first test and also their second follow-up test are both positive)? Suppose that both tests are Determine serology tests, and also assume that the test results are statistically independent. Express your answer in expected number of events in a million (i.e. something like ‘a 36 in a million chance’ or ‘a one in a million chance’). Also: In one sentence, what is a possible argument as to why the assumption of independence of the two test results might be wrong? (Your argument does not have to be sound, but it must be valid without being tautological).

 (3 points) 

d) What is the probability that an HIV infected expecting parent transmits HIV to their child either during childbirth or through transmitting HIV to the fetus during pregnancy, given that the parent has not received treatment with the drugs zidovudine or nevirapine, and in the absence of other intervention, according to the preamble of this problem (in concordance with Koblavi-D`eme et al. 2001)?

(2 points)

In social work, advocacy is very important to promote social change. Letters are often used as an effective tool to bring attention to social justice issues. This assignment requires you to choose a social justice issue that is important to you, gather current research and data on the subject matter, and write a one page professional and formal letter to your elected local, state, or national representative responsible for your social justice matter you have identified.

Choose a social welfare problem that you believe is in need of change and write a letter to an elected local, state, or federal official regarding the issue you have chosen. You are not required to send the letter; however, it must be written in a professional, well organized, clear, and concise format.

Writing letters to public officials is a form of political advocacy for clients and social workers. For this Assignment, you will write an advocacy letter to public official about a problem and a policy. In addition, you will write a 1-2 page explanation of your letter. Your explanation will provide the rationale behind your chosen issue and the approach you took with the specific representative.

Assignment: In the same document, submit both Part I and II of the assignment (2-4 pages):

Part I: Letter to Representative

Your letter should include:

• A description of the social welfare issue
• An explanation of how you want the legislator to respond to the issue (vote, create legislation, hold public hearings, etc.) and why.
• Support of your viewpoints with credible facts and research.

Part II: Explanation (1-2 pages, double-space, APA format)

For this part of the assignment, provide an explanation of:

• Why you selected the issue
• How the issue affects social work
• The reason you chose the specific representative
• The approach you took with the representative (consider the representative’s voting history, political affiliation, and any other factors you considered)

Instructions

This assessment addresses the following course objective(s):

• Assess methods and tools that guide innovation approaches within business organization strategies.
• Compare global, national, and local approaches to maximize innovation and creativity in IT projects.

Select an industry that you are familiar with and create a presentation that describes the 10 categories of innovation as defined by Keely.  Include a discussion of each category and its potential implications for this industry. Based on your knowledge of the business or industry, select two categories of innovation that should be pursued most vigorously. Include a justification for this recommendation.

Create a professional-looking presentation that contains the following slides:

• title slide
• description of the business or industry that you are focusing on
• one slide per innovation category with the definition of the category and discussion of the implication to this business or industry
• identification of two categories that this business or industry should focus on
• justification for the selection of these categories
• next steps that should be taken by the business or industry as a whole to address these innovation categories
• references

Initially, the concept of leadership focused on an individual who organized a group of people to achieve a goal. Today, however, leadership is depicted in a different way. The field focuses not only on an individual leader, but also on members, supervisors, and followers representing a spectrum of diversity. During the evolution of leadership, several theories, models, and perspectives have emerged. As a human and social services professional, it is important to consider how different theories, models, and perspectives of leadership might be used to achieve professional and societal goals.

To prepare:

• Consider the issue you selected for your Capstone Project. Select a leadership theory, model, or perspective and think about how it might be applied to your issue.

With these thoughts in mind:

By Day 3

Post a brief description of your professional or societal issue and the leadership theory, model, or perspective you selected. Then, explain why you chose that theory, model, or perspective, and explain how it might be applied to your issue. Be specific, and use processes of that theory, model, or perspective to illustrate your point.

 Based on the case study transcripts provided, look for instances in which the characters employed communication to manage the situation, collect relevant information, and build common ground. Then, identify practices through which the team can rebuild trust. Finally, determine the best course of action for resolving the conflict and provide your recommendations for moving forward. 

CLASSMATE 1

Discussion 8

Topic: How does a leader set a sense of urgency for change in an organization?

To improve things, change is introduced and learning makes it possible to make the change. Change is a process through which people and organizations move as they gradually learn, come to understand, and become skilled and competent in the use of new ways (Hall & Hord, 2015). Embracing change can be beneficial for organizations, especially since things in the world are constantly changing. Therefore, it is imperative for leaders to act as agents of change. Change Agent is defined as an individual whose “job is to engage with the user system and prospective adopters to introduce and encourage adoption of the innovation” (Hall & Hord, 2015). In simpler terms, an agent of change is an individual that that seeks to increase effectiveness within an organization.

From my experience, most staff members are resistant to consistent change. It, also, makes it more difficult when the consistent change is mandated. Teamwork and collaboration are huge factors that contributes to the success of the company. When the staff are included in the decision making process, it makes the transition more comfortable. “Leadership is a set of processes involving creating a vision of the future and a strategy for getting there” (Kotter, 2010). In regards to establishing a sense of urgency, change one of John Kotter’s 8 Stages of Organizational Change, details the significance of motivating staff to change (Hall & Hord, 2018). As there cannot be a leader without followers, leadership involves interpersonal influence. The leader has the ability to motivate others to get involved with achieving a common goal. Leadership involves the leader being goal directed and action oriented. Therefore, leaders play an active role in groups and organization by using influence to guide others through a certain course of action. It is the leader that sets the tone of the work environment. When the leader embraces and encourages change, the staff will follow suit.

Hall, G. E. & Hord, S. M. (2015). Implementing change: Patterns, principles, and potholes (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice- Hall.

Kotter, J. (2013). The Key Differences Between Leading and Managing. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SEfgCqnMl5E&list=PLRA49gaKoVqOdc28ycg8rgTOC6tNoxKP0&index=12)

CLASSMATE 2

Change is inevitable and must occur (David & David, 2017). Businesses cannot remain the same as competitors are constantly shifting their practices to improve productivity and customer satisfaction. It is imperative that leaders do not become complacent. Being complacent can hinder the organization from growing, expanding, and increasing productivity. Leaders must consider having competitive rates, excellent customer service, deals, etc. to stay in competition with others. Leaders and employees want to envision change as something positive that than an anxious event or a pessimistic way (David & David, 2017). Organizations must be able to recognize the urgency for the need to change. Kotter 8 step model for leading change discusses leaders creating a sense of urgency. 

Kotter and Cohen (2012) mentioned that creating a sense of urgency will require leaders to make bold or risky decisions. Leaders in the position must be okay with making difficult decisions even if others in the organization do not approve of it, as long as it benefits the whole organization. Leaders can create a sense of urgency by recognizing that change needs to occur within the organization. Once the leader realizes that change needs to occur, it is important for leaders to assess what needs to change. Leaders want to ensure that they prepare efficiently and effectively for the change that needs to occur. Communicating the change to the team will be a vital step in ensuring that the change is implemented accurately. Once the change is implemented, it will also be important to track the progression of that change and whether the organization is improving or deteriorating from the change. It is always vital to assess the needs of the organization, for things change, and sometimes change quickly. Leaders want to ensure that they are aware of what is needed to generate effective productivity and overall job satisfaction. As mentioned above, change is inevitable; therefore, leaders want to be aware of when a change needs to occur, how often it occurs, and the outcome of the occurrence.

David, F. R., & David, F. R. (2017). Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach. Florence: Pearson.

Kotter, J. P., and Cohen, D. S. (2012). Leading Change. Boston, M.A., Harvard Business School Press.

Define the concepts

1. Work teams

2. Functional organizational structure

3. Functions and responsibilities of a health care manager

4. Hierarchy of Authority

5. Interdisciplinary teams

6. Management

7. Management teams

8. Manager

9. Manager competences

10. Manager skills

11. Multitasking

12. Product industry

13. Service industry

14. Strategic Management

15. Strategic problem solving

16. Strategy

References and avoid plagiarism.

Watch David McCandless’ 18-minute TED talk, The beauty of data visualization (Links to an external site.)  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Zg-C8AAIGg

• Write a 500-word review of the article or video. In writing the review you should consider the following:
• Objectives: what does the article or video set out to do?
• Concepts: what are the central concepts? Are they clearly defined?
• Argument: What is the central argument?
• Contribution: how well does the work advance our knowledge? 

Note as the reader I am not interested in a general descriptive overview of the article or video. You should be providing a critical assessment of the ideas and arguments that are being presented by the author. 

write the abstract in 250 words for the paper and rewrite the conclusion

what does it mean to be a leader ?

Terri has completed her degree in Human Resource Management. She was very excited to start her new position working in a human resource department of a major corporation. One month into her position, she realizes that all her knowledge of human resource tools, guidelines, compliance, and recruiting did not prepare her for the complexities of being in a human resource position with the need to lead and influence others.

Human resource professionals provide a unique role in an organization. While they may lead a team, their true test of leadership comes from their relationships and influence throughout the organization. They may be called upon to partner in the implementation of organizational strategies. They may be sought out to coach leaders in ways to handle employee relationships. They may be needed to enforce and guide human resource policies. In all cases, the strength of the individual leadership skills comes into play.

This week, you will explore the basic ideas of what it means to be a leader, how leadership is unique for human resources professionals, and what leadership means to you. As you complete this week’s activities, think about Terri from the above scenario. 

Leadership Theories

The course text The Leadership Experience is a wonderful compilation of the movement of leadership theories from historical perspectives to today. It would be difficult for you to research compilations of leadership theories in the same clear and focused manner as this text. The first chapter provides a well-rounded foundation which will be useful for your first assignment.

• Daft, R. L. (2018). The leadership experience (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage. 
  • Chapter 1, “What Does It Mean to Be a Leader?”

USE THE TEXT ABOVE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS BELOW: 

Daft, the author of The Leadership Experience, discusses the new reality for leaders on pages 8–14. As you review, respond to the following:

• Identify the two roles that resonate with you. Why are these roles the most appropriate for you as a leader?
• Give examples of how you have used these roles in your personal or professional life.

Support your ideas with course concepts and ideas. Be explicit in your use of course material. Use APA style and format for in-text citations and references.