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 Reply for the following Discussion, more than 200 words and Turnitin less than 20 %. at least 2 References. APA format.

Nursing theories are philosophical constructs that attempt to explain, describe, or predict phenomena that occur during nursing care by serving as guides in clinical practice, education, and nursing research (Im, 2021). According to the philosophical level of abstraction, the body of nursing theories is composed of the metaparadigms of nursing (least specific level), grand theories, middle-range theories, and practice theories (highest level of specificity) (Im, 2021). Grand theories of nursing address global aspects of the nursing universe, examples of these theories include: General Systems Theory by Imogene King, Conservation Model by Myra Estrine Levine, Nursing Process Theory by Ida Jean Orlando, Theory of Human Becoming by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, Adaptation Model by Sister Callista Roy, Emancipated Decision Making in Health Care by Wittman-Price, Self-Care Theory by Dorothea Orem (Im, 2021). The development of the grand theories of nursing was a momentous step in the development of nursing and the attainment of an identity (Im, 2021). They were initially used as theoretical frameworks in clinical practice and research; however, their high level of abstraction limited their applicability (Im, 2021). Many of these theories are now considered obsolete because they are very abstract and their adaptation to specific clinical crossroads is not very useful (Im, 2021). In the research branch, the grand theories have lost steam as well, especially in a modern research field more focused on evidence (Im, 2021). Midrange theories have taken over the role those grand theories once played as more specific and more detailed philosophical constructs about nursing phenomena, and clinicians and researchers find midrange theories to be a more accurate guide to decision-making (Wijaya et al., 2022). Although grand theories of nursing are considered obsolete in current practice, they were a milestone in the development of nursing as a scientific discipline with its own identity. 

 Reply for the following discussion: More than 200 words, APA format, Refences at least 2.

The development of nursing knowledge is an ongoing process, and nursing grand theories play a significant role in shaping the direction of nursing practice and research. Grand theories, such as those proposed by Florence Nightingale, Dorothea Orem, and Jean Watson, provide a comprehensive framework that helps guide nursing practice across various settings. These theories offer broad, general principles that are applicable across different contexts and emphasize the importance of the nurse-patient relationship, the promotion of health, and holistic care. According to Alligood (2017), grand theories contribute to the organization and systematic development of nursing knowledge, allowing for the creation of consistent and coherent care approaches. By offering a conceptual foundation, they enable nurses to assess patient situations, develop effective interventions, and improve care outcomes. Furthermore, the continued development and refinement of these grand theories foster innovation within nursing, guiding research that can lead to improved care models and better patient outcomes.

However, there is also a valid case for questioning the relevance of grand theories in modern nursing practice. As healthcare environments become more complex, with a strong focus on evidence-based practice, clinical guidelines, and the integration of new technologies, the abstract nature of grand theories may become less applicable to the day-to-day needs of nursing practice. Meleis (2018) argues that the rapid pace of medical advancements and the increasing need for specialized knowledge can render grand theories somewhat outdated. The emphasis on evidence-based practices and specific clinical models, which are based on empirical research, may be more immediately useful in addressing the dynamic demands of modern healthcare. For example, grand theories often fail to account for the intricacies of contemporary patient care, such as the management of chronic illnesses or the application of advanced technologies, which require more specific and practical approaches.

Moreover, the shift toward middle-range theories, which are more directly applicable to specific clinical situations, provides a more adaptable and context-sensitive framework for practice and research. These theories, according to Meleis (2018), offer more practical solutions to immediate nursing challenges, making them better suited for contemporary healthcare systems that are complex and ever-changing. While grand theories may still have value in providing overarching guidance for nursing, middle-range theories and evidence-based practice models may be more appropriate for addressing the specific challenges of today’s healthcare landscape.

There is often a requirement to evaluate descriptive statistics for data within an organization or for health care information. Every year, the National Cancer Institute collects and publishes data based on patient demographics. Understanding differences between the groups based upon the collected data often informs health care professionals about research, treatment options, or patient education.

Using the data on the “National Cancer Institute Data” Excel spreadsheet (attached), calculate the descriptive statistics indicated below for each of the race/ethnicity groups. Refer to your textbook and the topic Resources, as needed, for assistance with creating Excel formulas.

Provide the following descriptive statistics:

1. Measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode.
2. Measures of variation: variance, standard deviation, and range (a formula is not needed for range).
3. Once the data are calculated, provide a 150-250-word analysis of the descriptive statistics on the spreadsheet. This should include differences and health outcomes between groups.

APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

This assignment uses a rubric (attached). Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 

Describe the rationale for the application of ethical guidelines in data collection. Using an article that you cited in the Article Analysis 1 or Article Analysis 2 assignments (see attachments), evaluate the article from a Christian worldview perspective and identify potential ethical considerations that may have occurred when sampling, collecting data, analyzing data, or publishing results. Provide rationale and support for your evaluation.

Initial discussion question posts should be a minimum of 200 words and include at least two references cited using APA format.