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Statistics is used to prove or disprove a question of probability, typically using the scientific method in order to determine if a hypothesis can be accepted or rejected. According to Page (2014), “Statistical significance is based on assumptions and the sample tested should be representative of the entire clinical population.”

On the other hand, clinical researchers as well as clinicians must concentrate on clinically significant changes, even though clinical significance is really not at all well-defined or understood for that matter. Unfortunately, statistically significant outcomes are often mistaken for clinical relevance. Effect size is one of the most important indicators of clinical significance, reflecting the magnitude of the difference in outcomes between groups (experimental and control) (Page, 2014). Clinically relevant measures, such as effect size, meaningful differences, etc. should be taken into consideration when interpreting and implementing results of evidence-based approaches to clinical decision making.

Practical clinical significance answers the question, how effective is the intervention or treatment, or how much change does the treatment causes. Therefore, I would use clinical significance by assessing the effectiveness of medication and assessing the correlation between independent and dependent variables to asses if the pre-test and post-test have any positive results to the overall treatment and prevention of UTIs.

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Although structural therapy and strategic therapy are both used in family therapy, these therapeutic approaches have many differences in theory and application. As you assess families and develop treatment plans, you must consider these differences and their potential impact on clients. For this Assignment, as you compare structural and strategic family therapy, consider which therapeutic approach you might use with your own client families.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

• Compare structural family therapy to strategic family therapy
• Create structural family maps
• Justify recommendations for family therapy

In a 2- to 3-page paper, address the following:

• Summarize the key points of both structural family therapy and strategic family therapy.
• Compare structural family therapy to strategic family therapy, noting the strengths and weaknesses of each.
• Provide an example of a family in your practicum using a structural family map. Note: Be sure to maintain HIPAA regulations.
• Recommend a specific therapy for the family, and justify your choice using the Learning Resources.

Select a societal trend that is affecting curriculum in nursing or patient education.

In a paper of 1,250 words, describe how the selected societal trend affects nursing or patient education.

1. Relate the issue to appropriate professional standards and competencies.
2. Explore strategies to enhance the positive affect or minimize the negative affect of the selected issue.
3. Use at least three scholarly, peer-reviewed resources less than 5 years old in addition to the course materials.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

I need help with MSN analysis paper.

Reply 1

Hypothesis testing involves using statistics by analysts or researchers to determine the strength or weakness of an assumption on a resident’s parameter (Shreffler & Huecker, 2020). On the other hand, a confidence interval is a measure of statistics that offer a range of values, upper and lower limits, that can be plausible to a particular population. Confidence intervals use CI to show the upper and lower limit; hence a 90% CI would indicate that if that research undertaking can be done for up to 100 times, the valid values will be 90 (Shreffler & Huecker, 2020). Also, a confidence interval will only show the aptitude of analysis to come up with accurate results, and this can only happen if many intervals are assessed. Notably, the CI width is affected by factors like standard errors and the number of selected participants. Therefore, having a significant CI would indicate that a small sample size was taken. With these two measures of statistics, more evidence on a particular hypothesis is presented. One can develop a research hypothesis, and the confidence interval determines the inclusion or exclusion of significant values in medicine (Shreffler & Huecker, 2020).

In a hospital, doctors decided to test the effectiveness of two medicines, drug A and drug B. The hypothesis was that drug A was much more effective than drug B. The healthcare professionals then undertook to assess this hypothesis’s truthfulness by researching on patient’s response to these two medications. In 4.2 days, those who took drug A indicated much faster healing than those who took drug B, with p= 0.009. hence, (95% CI: 1.9-7.8). This means that drug A was more effective than drug B; thus, the hypothesis stands, and also, with the big CI range, the results can be extrapolated to a larger population.

References

Shreffler, J., & Huecker, M. R. (2020). Hypothesis Testing, P Values, Confidence Intervals, and Significance. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

Reply 2

As defined by Ambrose (2018):

• Hypothesis: A testable statement of a relationship; an epidemiologic hypothesis is the relationship is between the exposure (person, time, and/or place) and the occurrence of a disease or condition.
• Confidence Interval (CI): The range of values around the statistic within a population parameter, at a specific parameter. The 95% confidence interval is the specified probability (Ambrose, 2018).

Hypothesis testing and confidence intervals are used together in health care research by making a hypothesis is made of what it thought to happen because of past experience and then the confidence interval is tested with specific parameters and the estimation that it will happen within a certain percentage if tested over and over again, usually within 95%. The larger the sample, the narrower the results should be as there should be less room for error.

Some examples are (1) testing how fast one medication works in comparison to another, (2) susceptibility of lifestyle depending on family history, or (3) the chances of having a hereditary disease.

1. From Shreffler & Huecker (2020):

Individuals who were prescribed Drug 23 had no symptoms after three days, which was

significantly faster than individuals who were prescribed Drug 22; there was a mean difference between the two groups of days to the recovery of 4.2 days (95% CI: 1.9 – 7.8). Reporting both hypothesis and CI, individuals who were prescribed Drug 23 had no symptoms after three days, which was significantly faster than individuals who were prescribed Drug 22, p = 0.009. There was a mean difference between the two groups of days to the recovery.

1. There are several variabilities with obesity, but one is family history. “A child with one obese parent has a 50 percent chance of being obese. When both parents are obese, their children have an 80 percent chance of obesity” (Benioff Children’s Hospital, n.d.). Researchers can take one part of their hypothesis to determine the main factor, but this should be a survey that measures multiple factors like food consumption types, physical activity, or family history to name a few. The probability could differ from one community to the next.

An example that could be used within my work would be (3) a family concern of getting schizophrenia because their loved one has it. A study was done to show the probability of getting schizophrenia with a family member who has it within the psych hospital. Statistics from schizophrena.com (n.d.):

• One parent – 10% chance (1% in general population)
• Both parents – approx. 40% chance

Many patients within the psych hospital have schizophrenia along with other disorders (bipolar, depression) that can exacerbate their symptoms of schizophrenia. Clozaril is a commonly used drug to help treat/manage schizophrenia and researchers test the effectiveness by using bloodwork to measure ANC on a specific schedule; statistics can be found at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/019758s062lbl.pdf.

Reference

• Ambrose, J. (2018). Applied statistics for health care.Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/hlt362v/applied-statistics-for-health-care/v1.1/
• Shreffler, J. & Huecker, M. R. (2020). Hypothesis Testing, P Values, Confidence Intervals, and Significance. [Updated 2020 May 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557421/
• com. (n.d.) Frequently asked questions and answers – from sons/daughters. Retrieved from http://schizophrenia.com/family/FAQoffspring.htm#:~:text=While%20this%20may%20be%20true,risk%20in%20the%20general%20population).

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Critical analysis of home environment 

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561- 2 discussions

Video Transcript:

KARI (on phone): This is Kari the nurse from the Emergency Department. I’m calling to give you a transfer report on Ms. Janet Lieberman. Janet is a 36-year-old woman who came because she felt weak and dizzy. She has a history of Crohn’s disease with intermittent gastritis and six months ago she had surgery and an ileostomy. Traces of serosanguineous effluent were present in her ostomy bag upon arrival. Her Blood type is A-. She is typed and cross-matched for two units of packed RBCs, so please administer as soon as they are available. She started on Infliximab IV six months ago and the last dose was given seven weeks ago. Her vital signs were temperature 98.8, pulse 114, respiration 22, blood pressure 100/60, and oxygen saturation 95%. Her hemoglobin is seven milligrams per deciliter and her hematocrit is 21%. She has an IV of 0.9% sodium chloride 1000- milliliters infusing at 150-milliliters per hour, and has 700-milliliters remaining in the bag. We started an IV while she was in ED. Her skin has been pale, warm, and dry to the touch. She voided 500-milliliters at 1500 in the ED. A hemoccult of her stool was sent to the lab. Esther: Were the coagulation tests within normal range? KARI: Yes, her pro time is 12.2, her PT is 21 seconds, and her INR is 0.7. Esther: Okay, thanks for the report. KARI: You’re welcome. I’ll bring her up to your unit in a few minutes. Esther: Thanks. KARI: Hi Esther, this is Janet Lieberman. Esther: Hi Ms. Lieberman, my name’s Esther. I’ll be taking care of you this evening. KARI: I gave you a transfer report a couple minutes ago. Ms. Lieberman needs the two units of packed RBCs as soon as possible. Esther: Okay. Ms. Lieberman, I need to take a quick look at your ostomy bag. MS. LIEBERMAN: Sure, okay. Esther: Thank you. Do you have any family here? MS. LIEBERMAN: No, I came alone to the emergency room today, but I have a sister who’s on her way to the hospital. KARI: Do you have any questions before I leave? Esther: No, thanks for the report. I can take it from here. KARI: I am going back to the Emergency Department now. Esther’s going to be taking care of you. I hope you feel better soon. MS. LIEBERMAN: Thanks so much for taking such good care of me. Esther: Ms. Lieberman, I need to ask you some questions. MS. LIEBERMAN: Okay, what else do you need to know? Esther: I need to review your abdominal status. Are you having abdominal pain? MS. LIEBERMAN: Oh yes, it’s very sore and crampy. Esther: On a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being no pain, and 10 being unbearable, how do you rate your pain now? MS. LIEBERMAN: I would say a 6. Esther: When did the pain begin? MS. LIEBERMAN: Uh, after I got up this morning. Esther: Can I ask you where the pain is? MS. LIEBERMAN: Yes, it’s here in the top of my stomach. Esther: Okay, Have you noticed anything that brings on the pain or makes it worse? MS. LIEBERMAN: I’m pretty sure stress makes it worse. Esther: Okay. MS. LIEBERMAN: When I get stressed I don’t eat healthy foods and then I get headaches and take Ibuprofen. Esther: Okay, when you’re feeling a little bit better I’d like to review some ways to manage your stress. For now, I need to take a listen to your bowel sounds. MS. LIEBERMAN: Sure, Okay