****Please see instructions on the attached reading materials to complete the assignment****

1. Examination of Health Care Laws
   Introduction
   The health law field currently has undergone, and will continue to undergo, enormous change. Among the multitude of challenges are legal implications that come with electronic health records (EHRs), payments based on patient outcomes, mergers, fraud, insurance disbursements, and antitrust laws—just to name few. In addition, disruptive medical innovations, such as biotechnology and treatment research, have created new concerns over ethics and privacy.
   To perform proficiently as a health care administrator, the current environment requires that you have an understanding of key health care laws such as the following:
   • Stark Law.
   • HIPAA for Professionals.
   • HITECH Act Enforcement Interim Final Rule.
   • Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act (EMTALA).
   • A Roadmap for New Physicians: Fraud & Abuse Laws; Anti-Kickback Statute.
   • The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008.
   • Instructions
     In this assignment, imagine you work as an administrator in a hospital or health care organization. You are being considered for a promotion and are being asked to prepare a report for senior leadership that demonstrates your knowledge and interpretation of one of the above-mentioned health care laws.
     To complete this report, select a court case where one of these health care laws was violated. Write an analysis of the law and the selected case following the SESC formula: State, Explain, Support, and Conclude. Be sure to also address how organizational leadership in the selected court case could move forward to ensure that the health care law isn’t violated again in the future.
     Your report should be at least five pages long and should include a title page and references for a total of 7–8 pages.
     Strayer Writing Standards
     This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards. For assistance and information, please refer to the Strayer Writing Standards link in the left-hand menu of your course.
     Grading Criteria
     The grading criteria for this report is as follows. It must include the elements listed below, so be sure to address each point. You may also want to review the performance-level descriptions for each criterion in the scoring guide to see how your work will be assessed:
   1. Analyze a court case where a health care law violation occurred.
   2. Analyze the health care law that was violated in the selected case.
   3. Evaluate the implications of the selected law on the health care system.
   4. Recommend how the hospital should protect against another violation.
   5. Support your thesis statement following the SESC formula (State, Explain, Support, and Conclude).
   6. Use at least three peer-reviewed articles less than five years old.
   7. Provide appropriate in-text citations and reference section.
   8. Meet clarity, writing mechanics, and formatting requirements.
2. By submitting this paper, you agree: (1) that you are submitting your paper to be used and stored as part of the SafeAssign™ services in accordance with the Blackboard Privacy Policy; (2) that your institution may use your paper in accordance with your institution’s policies; and (3) that your use of SafeAssign will be without recourse against Blackboard Inc. and its affiliates.
3. Institution Release Statement

This is a discussion…..not an essay…..please make it understandable and not too formal

As health care consumers, we all expect quality care and positive outcomes. It is important as professionals that we meet these demands of health care consumers. Consider the work of the major theorists you examined in this week’s Resources, and think about how these theories apply to your own experience as a health care customer and/or practitioner.

By Day 3

Post your definition of quality, and apply it to the work of one major quality theorist (e.g., Donabedian, Juran, Deming, Triple Aim (IHI) – Berwick). Identify a practice problem that you have had some experience with as a customer or as a practitioner, and explain how eliminating wasteful practices could have improved the experience. Include how your definition of quality applies to that experience.

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature. Your posts need to be written at the capstone level (see checklist).

Notes Initial Post: This should be a 3-paragraph (at least 350 words) response. Be sure to use evidence from the readings and include in-text citations. Utilize essay-level writing practice and skills, including the use of transitional material and organizational frames. Avoid quotes; paraphrase to incorporate evidence into your own writing. A reference list is required. Use the most current evidence (usually ≤ 5 years old).

300-350 words. In text citations. Up to 3 references within last 5 years

References from course:

https://search-proquest-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/docview/816914442?accountid=14872

Course Description:This course examines the role of the nurse in advanced practice in the clinical, primary care, education, administration, research, healthcare specialty, health policy, and political arenas. The historical role of the nurse, nursing theory and leadership models within a variety of healthcare regulatory models provide the basis for self-reflection, self-mastery, professional integrity, and ethical decision making to help the student transition from clinical expert to the advanced practice role.  (4 credits) A minimum grade of B is required to pass this course. 

Introduce yourself to the class! Your introduction should cover the following details:

· Your name

· Your location

· Your profession

· Your work experience

· Your expectations from this course and interest in specific aspects of this course

· At least two objectives you hope to achieve through this course and the way you will attain these objectives

In addition, provide answers to the following questions:

· What are your career goals?

· Where would you like to work?

· Discuss your current profession and how this course relates to your professional interests or goals.

Evaluate theories and conceptual models from nursing and related fields for use in advanced nursing practice.

Submission Instructions:

• Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources

This week’s assignment is STEP 1 – Introduction and Problem Statement.

First, the student will select a clinical question from the Approved List of PICOt/Clinical Questions   and will customize the question to meet his or her interest. My PICOT Question

For elderly patients above 60 years with pressure ulcers (P) will the negative pressure wound therapy (I) as opposed to standard moist wound therapy (C) improve the healing of the pressure ulcer (O) during their two-week stay at the hospital (T).

Next, the student will use the outline below and submit via a Word doc to the assignment link.   

1. Provide a title that conveys or describes the assignment.

2. Introduction – Provide an introduction to your topic or project. The introduction gives the reader an accurate, concrete understanding what the project will cover and what can be gained from implementation of this project.

3. Overview of the Problem – Provide a synopsis of the problem and some indication of why the problem is worth exploring or what contribution the proposed project is apt to make to practice.

4. References – Cite references using APA 6th ed. Manual.

5. 4 pages.

Expectations

· Format: Completed Word doc with references in APA 6th ed. format

· File name: Save the file with Student First Name_Last Name_Part 1 

 look at this site: https://acimedical.wordpress.com/2012/07/26/complications-with-negative-pressure-wound-therapy-abstract-and-introduction/ 

Module 02 Assignment – Interpersonal Process Recording (IPR)

Purpose

This assignment will help prepare you for conversations with clients with a mental health condition.

Course Competency

Describe the foundations of mental health nursing.

Transferable Skill

Communication: Displaying capability in writing, reading, and oral communication; understanding of non-verbal language.

Instructions

It will be carried out with two students working together. This is a “role play exercise,” in which one student is the student nurse, and the other will role play as a client. In this assignment, the nursing student will be demonstrating the therapeutic nurse-client relationship and analyzing the therapeutic and nontherapeutic techniques used. You will take turns in the roles.

This is not about always having therapeutic responses. It is about learning from practice and review. It is expected that you will think of other ways to respond or interact with the client that may be more therapeutic after the interaction is terminated. After the conversation is over, you will complete in IPR form.

The client roles are:

1. Mr. Jones is a 69-year-old retired engineer. He was admitted to the in-patient psychiatric unit the previous day. His daughter had called the police when he locked himself in his bathroom and refused to come out. She thought he was suicidal. He was brought to the hospital by the police and was admitted on involuntary status. He has been reticent since admission but told his daughter he had no reason to live since his wife died.
   Diagnosis: MajorDepressive Disorder
   Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for suicide.
2. Mrs. Alvarez is a 34-year-old female who has lived in this country for the past 10 yrs. She is a stay at home mom with three small children. Her husband works two jobs to support the family. Lately, she has been extremely anxious and fears that her children will become ill or injured. This seems to be an unrealistic concern, but she has been unable to sleep well and has lost 15 lbs. in the past month. She is a voluntary admission and states she knows she needs help.
   Diagnosis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
   Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective coping

You will select the role you wish as a client and take turns switching roles. After the conversation, you will document the interactions using the form provided and following the guidelines instructions for each column.

IPR Form Explanation

The IPR is completed with the form to guide you, and the rubric to explain the grading process for content.

The IPR Form is linked here.

• The first column is for you, the nursing student’s, comments/ questions, and responses. You may want to include the introduction process. It is understandable if the initial conversation is more superficial to establish rapport. You may not want to include all of this but move on to the more focused interaction. Your nonverbal communication is included here.
• Then, the conversation will move to a focus on the client’s feelings, concerns, issues as he/she has identified them. After the introduction, it may be beneficial to establish with the client a short- term goal for the interaction.
• The second column is for the client’s comments, questions, responses. Also, the nonverbal reactions of the client are included in this column.
• The middle column is for you to write what you are thinking or feeling.
• The last two columns are for you to document the technique that you used in that portion of the conversation. If it is a nontherapeutic response, you are to write the response and think of how you could revise to more therapeutic response. You can change any response if you think of how you could have responded differently but, identify and change all nontherapeutic responses.

Remember, this is an assignment that will assist you in all communication with others.

Explanation of the Rubric Criteria for Interpersonal Process Recording (IPR)

• Communication (20 verbal entries, ten nonverbal, ten techniques)
• Criteria 1 Nursing Interaction (verbal and nonverbal)
  Nursing statements and questions demonstrate a positive, caring approach and show insight into the client needs. These interchanges will include the introduction process, but not the more superficial interchanges. Nonverbal communication techniques are also recognized. Thoughts and feelings are identified and documented.
• Criteria 2
  The client verbal statements and questions are documented. Nonverbal communication is also observed and interpreted. You may also identify defense mechanism(s) used by the client.
• Criteria 3
  All communication techniques used are identified (using titles previously reviewed).
• Criteria 4
  All non-therapeutic techniques to be identified and changed to a therapeutic method. If in the review of the interaction, a more appropriate or therapeutic approach (verbal or nonverbal) is identified, document how this response/ statement would be changed

Stakeholder support is necessary for a successful project implementation. Consider your internal stakeholders, such as the facility, unit, or health care setting where the change proposal is being considered, and your external stakeholders, like an individual or group outside the health care setting. Why is their support necessary to the success of your change proposal, and how you will go about securing that support?

Theory Development and Evaluation

The Science and Art of Theory Development and Evaluation

Scholars in various disciplines have conducted research and developed various theories to explain different phenomena’ existence or relationship. Hypotheses are created to fulfill a need and are always formed from observations, empirical studies, and literature review to produce a theory that explains a phenomenon, relationship of phenomena, or predicts the occurrence of phenomena. It is essential to evaluate a postulation before its application to test its correctness. Some theories, such as those in health sciences, are not applicable before testing and evaluation. It is only possible to determine a theory’s effectiveness by testing after the predicted phenomenon occurs. However, evaluation is possible using scientific and artistic approaches.

The various criteria for evaluating theories are scope, logical consistency, parsimony, utility, testability, heurism, and test of time. Scope, utility, and logical consistency are arts of theory development and evaluation. A theory must be within the scope, which means somebody cannot develop a postulation beyond their purview. For instance, an expert in the medical field cannot create a political leadership theory because it is not within their purview. Logical consistency means that a hypothesis should be correct at all times. A postulation must not contain contradicting statements at different times. The utility is the art of testing the theory’s usefulness and is evaluated based on its contribution to the field on which it is based (Fawcett, 2005). A postulation must bring a new aspect into the discipline. A hypothesis that repeats existing theories does not pass the test of utility.

Parsimony, testability, heurism, and test of time are scientific approaches to theory development and evaluation. Parsimony means that a theory should have a few concepts to be effective. A hypothesis with many arguments and ideas does not pass the parsimony test (Redmond, 2015). The science behind this is that the higher the number of concepts and arguments, the more difficult it is to produce a practical theory. Heurism refers to the ability of a hypothesis to create new thinking and stimulate new thoughts. A reasonable postulation must contribute to the discipline by bringing a unique aspect or thought to the field. Other researchers and theorists should be able to apply the theory or use the hypothesis as a basis for coming up with other postulations (Avant, 2009).

A good theory must pass testability and test of time. Testability means that its basis should be reliable evidence, and it should be possible for people to verify the evidence behind the theory. A theory can is not a statement without any backing of empirical research, literature review, or any other form of verifiable proof (Avant, 2009). The test of time means that a theory must be predictive and powerful. Predictability relates to the ability of the postulation to give a good reason to be adopted. This concept requires a good and convincing explanation of the thinking behind the hypothesis. A hypothesis should be influential because it should have a considerable impact on people’s lives or the relevant discipline. A postulation must provide a milestone in the field (Fawcett, 2005). If a theory does not have a significant influence, it does not pass the power test. Lastly, a postulation must withstand the test of time. Similar studies on similar objects or subjects at any time should be able to give similar conclusions and the same theory.

Theory is a framework or model for understanding and observation, which determines what we perceive and how we perceive it. Hypothesis lets a researcher form links between concrete and abstract statements. Postulation asserts a link between different phenomena and explains the relationship between various variables. Hypothesis organizes different ideas and guides research. Facts may not be useful if they lack meaning unless combined into a theoretical framework. The strength of theory increases as supporting evidence becomes available. Postulations can form a basis for prediction and can help produce new research. When evaluating a theory, it is crucial to consider various aspects such as coherency and logic of the hypothesis, testability of theory-based claims and predictions, the fitness of postulation to available data, and its potential impact on the world

References

Avant, K. (2009). Reading and evaluating theory in a research publication. Perioperative Nursing Clinics, 4(3), 231-236. https://doi: 10.1016/j.cpen.2009.05.002

Fawcett, J. (2005). Criteria for evaluation of theory. Nursing Science Quarterly, 18(2),131-5. https://DOI:10.1177/0894318405274823

Redmond, M. (2015). Theory development and evaluation. IOWA State University Digital Repository. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=engl_reports

Student needs to know, compare and contrast the different categories of “shock” and the 

medicines used to treat “shock”

write two pages in APA stile with minimum of two referencies.