NursingResearchT1Q2

The first step of the evidence-based practice process is to evaluate a nursing practice environment to identify a nursing problem in the clinical area. When a nursing problem is discovered, the nurse researcher develops a clinical guiding question to address that nursing practice problem.

For this discussion question, you will create a clinical guiding question known as a PICOT question. The PICOT question must be relevant to a nursing practice problem (coordination of health care, assessment, education, patient support, trauma prevention, recovery, health screenings, etc.).

After reviewing the relevant topic materials:

  1. Select a nursing practice problem of interest.
  2. Develop a PICOT question using the template and example provided below.
  3. Identify two articles, one qualitative and one quantitative, related to the problem of interest. Provide an APA-formatted reference for each article, and explain how each relates to your PICOT question. Be sure to identify which article is qualitative and which article is quantitative. These articles may be used in this week’s assignment.

PICOT question intervention format:

In_______________(Population), how does _______________ (Intervention) compared to _______________ (Comparison) affect _______________ (Outcome) within______________(Time, optional)?

Example: In critically ill patients in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (P), how do daily 2% chlorhexidine cloth baths (I) compared to daily disposable non-antimicrobial cloth baths (C) affect the incidence of health care-associated infections (HAIs) (O)?

Initial discussion question posts should be a minimum of 200 words and include at least two references cited using APA format.

nursing statistics

 

  • Which graph/chart is most appropriate for percentages? The y-axis should reflect the entire ranges of possible values for a statistic in order to accurately illustrate the relative size of the values from each group. What is the range of possible scores for percentages?
  • What are degrees of freedom (df) related to inferential statistical testing? Why are they important? How are the dfs calculated for chi-square? How are they calculated for t-tests?
  • Cohen’s d is the appropriate statistic when differences in mean values are determined. What is the appropriate statistic to measure the chi-square results in a study/project?
  • How much does it cost to implement telemedicine? To determine this, you can use a previous study that reports the cost, or a website that describes the costs involved in adopting telemedicine, or even a manufacturer’s website that provides costs. Are there any cost savings when a setting adopts telemedicine? Who are patients, geographic areas who cannot use telemedicine?
  • Based on costs and limitations, what effect size do you think is necessary (give a specific number) to justify adopting telemedicine?

WEEK 2 REP

#1

 

Reply from Heather Lopresto

To be an advocate for Policy development at the Federal level, you must be actively engaged with legislative efforts. To do so, you will need to be aware of who your legislators are.

In your discussion post, address the following:

  • In which state do you live?

I live in the State of Florida

  • Who are your state legislators? Include both your state senator and your state representative.

Senate: Danny Burgess

Representative: Danny Alvarez 

  • Who are your federal legislators? Include both your U.S. senator and U.S. representative. (You could have more than one for each.)

Senate: Rick Scott and Ashley Moody

Representative: Vern Buchanan

Then, visit Congress.govLinks to an external site. and choose one piece of pending federal legislation about which you feel passionate.

  • What is the name of the pending legislation? Include both number and title.

I chose H.R. 8848 – Affordable and Safe Prescription Drug Importation Act of 2024. This bill would allow U.S. residents to import prescription drugs from other countries where they are often sold at lower prices (Congress.gov, 2024). 

  • Where is it in the policy development process – is it heading to the House or heading to the Senate?

The bill is currently in the House of Representatives, specifically with the Committee on Energy and Commerce. If the committee approves the bill, it will go to the full House for a vote. If passed, it will move to the Senate for further consideration. As Mason et al. (2021) explain, bills usually start in one part of Congress, and if they are approved, they continue through various steps until they can become law.

  • Why are you passionate about this particular piece of pending legislation?

I feel strongly about this bill because prescription drug prices in the U.S. are too high for many people. Expensive medications often prevent people from getting the treatment they need, which leads to worse health outcomes. Allowing Americans to buy cheaper drugs from other countries could help make healthcare more affordable and accessible, especially for those who struggle to afford their medications.

  • Depending on whether it’s approaching the House or the Senate, which of your federal legislators would you contact if you wanted to advocate for this bill to become a law?

Since this bill is in the House of Representatives, I would contact my representative to express my support for the bill. If my representative is on the Energy and Commerce Committee, I would try to reach out to them, as they are directly involved in reviewing the bill. According to Mason et al. (2021), contacting key legislators is an important step in advocating for a bill. Even if my representative isn’t on the committee, I would still encourage them to support the bill when it comes up for a vote in the House.

#2

 

I currently live in Texas and have multiple state and federal legislators. On the state level, there is Phil King as Senator and Mike Olcott as state representative (Plural Policy, n.d.). For my federal legislators, you’ll find Craig Goldman, John Cornyn as representatives and Ted Cruz as the senator (Plural Policy, n.d.).

One piece of pending federal legislation that stands out to me is the Nurse Overtime and Patient Safety Act of 2024 (H.R. 7546). This bill would amend the Social Security Act to limit how much mandatory overtime nurses can be required to work in certain Medicare-participating facilities. Right now, it’s in the House of Representatives, specifically with the House Committee on Energy and Commerce (Congress.gov, 2024).

I’m passionate about this bill because mandatory overtime is a huge issue in nursing. I habitually work overtime, but by choice. I don’t believe that overtime should be mandatory to where a nurse doesn’t get to decide her hours each week. Long hours lead to burnout, mistakes, and overall poor patient care. Nurses aren’t robots—we need rest to provide safe, quality care. If this bill passes, it could help improve working conditions and patient outcomes.

Since it’s still in the House, I’d reach out to Craig Goldman, my U.S. Representative for Texas’s 12th Congressional District, to advocate for it. A quick email or call explaining why this matters could make a difference. Nurses’ voices need to be heard on this one!

Reference:

Congress.gov. (2024). H.R.7546 – Nurse Overtime and Patient Safety Act of 2024. U.S. Congress. Retrieved March 12, 2025, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/7546Links to an external site.

NR week 2 Reply to Peer 1

The significance of composition and size of the sampling to be studied correlates to the size of the study and the representativeness of such study. The study size must be ethical and must be clearly stated. The protection of the participants must be outlined and detailed to protect its participants. Composition and size both are crucial to the research study to one is intended to present. Composition refers to the population being studied and its characteristics in contrast to the size which refers to the sample being researched and evaluated. Both composition and size play an important role in the research when producing a good outcome.

           The sample size for a study needs to be estimated at the time the study is proposed; too large a sample is unnecessary and unethical, and too small a sample is unscientific and unethical (Andrade, 2020). Studies in populations need to be done in sample sizing due to the inability to study a population as a whole, thus sampling sizing will provide a more accurate study. The necessary sample size can be calculated, using statistical software, based on certain assumptions. If no assumptions can be made, then an arbitrary sample size is set for a pilot study (Andrade, 2020). An appropriate sampling technique with the exact determination of sample size involves a very vigorous selection process, which is actually vital for any empirical research. It is obvious that these methodological decisions would greatly affect the internal and external validity and the overall generalizability of the study findings (Ahmed, 2024).

           In conclusion when choosing a composition and a sampling size for research it is imperative that it is done in an ethical manner, the sample size must take into consideration as well as the population and effect size, statistical power and confidence level must be present allowing room for error. Precise calculation of sample size is an important step in such research, knowing the factors affecting the study will also play an important part in the research. Sample size calculations require assumptions about expected means and standard deviations, or event risks, in different groups; or, upon expected effect sizes (Andrade, 2020).

References

Andrade C. (2020). Sample Size and its Importance in Research. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 42(1), 102–103. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_504_19

Bishop D. V. M. (2021). Using multiple outcomes in intervention studies: improving power while controlling type I errors. F1000Research, 10, 991. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73520.3

Buchholz, B.S.M.P.M.S. W. (2021). Research for Advanced Practice Nurses (4th ed.). Springer Publishing LLC. https://online.vitalsource.com/books/9780826151339

Sirwan Khalid Ahmed (2024). How to choose a sampling technique and determine sample size for research: A simplified guide for researchers, Oral Oncology Reports, Volume 12,100662, ISSN 2772-9060, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662.

Wk3 adv pathay

In this exercise, you will complete a MindMap to gauge your understanding of this week’s content. Select one of the possible topics provided to complete your MindMap.

  • myocardial infarction
  • congenital heart disease (may select ASD, VSD, or PDA)
  • peripheral arterial disease
  • peripheral vascular disease
  • valvular heart disease
  • cardiomyopathy (may select dilated, hypertrophic, or restricted)
  • atherosclerosis
  • aortic aneurysm
  • deep vein thrombosis
  • hypertension
  • heart failure