Summarize what you have learned over the last 9 weeks. Has it changed your opinion about technology? Do you believe technology will continue to evolve? What businesses should concerned about being “phased” out due to new technology?
Course
250 words
In this lab, students need to conduct attacks on the TCP/IP protocols. They can use the Netwox tools and/or other tools in the attacks. All the attacks are performed on Linux operating systems. However, instructors can require students to also conduct the same attacks on other operating systems and compare the observations. To simplify the “guess” of TCP sequence numbers and source port numbers, we assume that attackers are on the same physical network as the victims. Therefore, you can use sniffer tools to get that information. The following is the list of attacks that need to be implemented. 3.1 Task 1 : SYN Flooding Attack ` ` User Server SYN SYN+ACK ACK Active TCP Connection ` ` Attacker Server SYN Spoofed Addresses SYN+ACK ` Legitimate User SYN No Reply Normal TCP 3-way handshake between user and server SYN Flood: attacker sends many SYN to server without ACK. The server is not able to process request from legitimate user 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 Figure 2: SYN Flooding Attack SEED Labs – TCP/IP Attack Lab 4 SYN flood is a form of DoS attack in which attackers send many SYN requests to a victim’s TCP port, but the attackers have no intention to finish the 3-way handshake procedure. Attackers either use spoofed IP address or do not continue the procedure. Through this attack, attackers can flood the victim’s queue that is used for half-opened connections, i.e. the connections that has finished SYN, SYN-ACK, but has not yet gotten a final ACK back. When this queue is full, the victim cannot take any more connection. Figure 2 illustrates the attack. The size of the queue has a system-wide setting. In Linux, we can check the setting using the following command: # sysctl -q net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog We can use command “netstat -na” to check the usage of the queue, i.e., the number of halfopened connection associated with a listening port. The state for such connections is SYN-RECV. If the 3-way handshake is finished, the state of the connections will be ESTABLISHED. In this task, you need to demonstrate the SYN flooding attack. You can use the Netwox tool to conduct the attack, and then use a sniffer tool to capture the attacking packets. While the attack is going on, run the “netstat -na” command on the victim machine, and compare the result with that before the attack. Please also describe how you know whether the attack is successful or not. The corresponding Netwox tool for this task is numbered 76. Here is a simple help screen for this tool. You can also type “netwox 76 –help” to get the help information. Listing 1: The usage of the Netwox Tool 76 Title: Synflood Usage: netwox 76 -i ip -p port [-s spoofip] Parameters: -i|–dst-ip ip destination IP address -p|–dst-port port destination port number -s|–spoofip spoofip IP spoof initialzation type SYN Cookie Countermeasure: If your attack seems unsuccessful, one thing that you can investigate is whether the SYN cookie mechanism is turned on. SYN cookie is a defense mechanism to counter the SYN flooding attack. The mechanism will kick in if the machine detects that it is under the SYN flooding attack. You can use the sysctl command to turn on/off the SYN cookie mechanism: # sysctl -a | grep cookie (Display the SYN cookie flag) # sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=0 (turn off SYN cookie) # sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1 (turn on SYN cookie) Please run your attacks with the SYN cookie mechanism on and off, and compare the results. In your report, please describe why the SYN cookie can effectively protect the machine against the SYN flooding attack. If your instructor does not cover the mechanism in the lecture, you can find out how the SYN cookie mechanism works from the Internet. 3.2 Task 2 : TCP RST Attacks on telnet and ssh Connections The TCP RST Attack can terminate an established TCP connection between two victims. For example, if there is an established telnet connection (TCP) between two users A and B, attackers can spoof a RST packet from A to B, breaking this existing connection. To succeed in this attack, attackers need to correctly construct the TCP RST packet. SEED Labs – TCP/IP Attack Lab 5 In this task, you need to launch an TCP RST attack to break an existing telnet connection between A and B. After that, try the same attack on an ssh connection. Please describe your observations. To simplify the lab, we assume that the attacker and the victim are on the same LAN, i.e., the attacker can observe the TCP traffic between A and B. The corresponding Netwox tool for this task is numbered 78. Here is a simple help screen for this tool. You can also type “netwox 78 –help” to get the help information. Listing 2: The usage of the Netwox Tool 78 Title: Reset every TCP packet Usage: netwox 78 [-d device] [-f filter] [-s spoofip] Parameters: -d|–device device device name {Eth0} -f|–filter filter pcap filter -s|–spoofip spoofip IP spoof initialization type {linkbraw} 3.3 Task 3 : TCP RST Attacks on Video Streaming Applications Let us make the TCP RST attack more interesting by experimenting it on the applications that are widely used in nowadays. We choose the video streaming application in this task. For this task, you can choose a video streaming web site that you are familiar with (we will not name any specific web site here). Most of video sharing websites establish a TCP connection with the client for streaming the video content. The attacker’s goal is to disrupt the TCP session established between the victim and video streaming machine. To simplify the lab, we assume that the attacker and the victim are on the same LAN. In the following, we describe the common interaction between a user (the victim) and some video-streaming web site: • The victim browses for a video content in the video-streaming web site, and selects one of the videos for streaming. • Normally video contents are hosted by a different machine, where all the video contents are located. After the victim selects a video, a TCP session will be established between the victim machine and the content server for the video streaming. The victim can then view the video he/she has selected. Your task is to disrupt the video streaming by breaking the TCP connection between the victim and the content server. You can let the victim user browse the video-streaming site from another (virtual) machine or from the same (virtual) machine as the attacker. Please be noted that, to avoid liability issues, any attacking packets should be targeted at the victim machine (which is the machine run by yourself), not at the content server machine (which does not belong to you). 3.4 Task 4 : TCP Session Hijacking The objective of the TCP Session Hijacking attack is to hijack an existing TCP connection (session) between two victims by injecting malicious contents into this session. If this connection is a telnet session, attackers can inject malicious commands (e.g. deleting an important file) into this session, causing the victims to execute the malicious commands. Figure 3 depicts how the attack works. In this task, you need to demonstrate how you can hijack a telnet session between two computers. Your goal is to get the the telnet server to run a malicious command from you. For the simplicity of the task, we assume that the attacker and the victim are on the same LAN. SEED Labs – TCP/IP Attack Lab 6 Note: If you use Wireshark to observe the network traffic, you should be aware that when Wireshark displays the TCP sequence number, by default, it displays the relative sequence number, which equals to the actual sequence number minus the initial sequence number. If you want to see the actual sequence number in a packet, you need to right click the TCP section of the Wireshark output, and select “Protocol Preference”. In the popup window, uncheck the “Relative Sequence Number and Window Scaling” option. The corresponding Netwox tool for this task is numbered 40. Here is part of the help screen for this tool. You can also type “netwox 40 –help” to get the full help information. You may also need to use Wireshark to find out the correct parameters for building the spoofed TCP packet. Listing 3: Part usage of netwox tool 40 Title: Spoof Ip4Tcp packet Usage: netwox 40 [-l ip] [-m ip] [-o port] [-p port] [-q uint32] [-B] Parameters: -l|–ip4-src ip IP4 src {10.0.2.6} -m|–ip4-dst ip IP4 dst {5.6.7.8} -o|–tcp-src port TCP src {1234} -p|–tcp-dst port TCP dst {80} -q|–tcp-seqnum uint32 TCP seqnum (rand if unset) {0} -H|–tcp-data mixed_data mixed data ` ` User Server ` Attacker Attacker hijacks the TCP session and sends “Z” to server on behalf of client Data: “A” Data: “Z” Seq No.: ? ACK 3-way Handshake Data: “B” ACK Sniffing Figure 3: TCP Session Hijacking Attack SEED Labs – TCP/IP Attack Lab 7 3.5 Task 5 : Creating Reverse Shell using TCP Session Hijacking When attackers are able to inject a command to the victim’s machine using TCP session hijacking, they are not interested in running one simple command on the victim machine; they are interested in running many commands. Obviously, running these commands all through TCP session hijacking is inconvenient. What attackers want to achieve is to use the attack to set up a back door, so they can use this back door to conveniently conduct further damages. A typical way to set up back doors is to run a reverse shell from the victim machine to give the attack the shell access to the victim machine. Reverse shell is a shell process running on a remote machine, connecting back to the attacker’s machine. This gives an attacker a convenient way to access a remote machine once it has been compromised. In the following, we will show how we can set up a reverse shell if we can directly run a command on the victim machine (i.e. the server machine). In the TCP session hijacking attack, attackers cannot directly run a command on the victim machine, so their jobs is to run a reverse-shell command through the session hijacking attack. In this task, students need to demonstrate that they can achieve this goal.
Go to the website: https://epic.org/privacy/litigation/ which focuses on civil rights issues and privacy. Pick a case.
Using WORD, in you OWN WORDS, write an ORIGINAL brief essay of 300 words or more :
Compare and evaluate qualitative v quantitative risk assessment.
Include at least 3 quotes from your sources enclosed in quotation marks and cited in-line by reference to your reference list. Example: “words you copied” (citation) These quotes should be one full sentence not altered or paraphrased. Cite your sources using APA format. Use the quotes in your paragaphs.
As noted by Kirk (2016), angle, framing, and focus are useful perspectives that help to shape your editorial thinking. Select 1 of these perspectives and mention why you selected it.
Please make sure you have an initial post (about 200 words) and a comment/post to one of your friends’ posts.
1. Discuss the importance of: “Identifying and prioritizing risks is a key component of the audit plan”. Is there a process to follow?
2. Discuss this statement: “Establishing baselines and identifying an acceptable level of risk across the environment provides a starting point for the actual audit”. How is this statement true? Where would you start your development of a baseline?
rom Case Project 8-6: Lake Point Security Consulting:
“Lake Point Consulting Services (LPCS) provides security consulting and assurance services to over 500 clients across a wide range of enterprises in more than 20 states. A new initiative at LPCS is for each of its seven regional offices to provide internships to students who are in
their final year of the security degree program at the local college.
Pomodoro Fresco is a regional Italian pizza chain that provides free open wireless access to its customers and secure wireless access for its staff. However, Pomodoro Fresco is concerned about the security of the WLAN. They have asked LPCS to make a presentation about wireless attacks and their options for security. LPCS has asked you to help them in the presentation.
You will create a PowerPoint presentation for a fictitious company regarding wireless security. Carefully read the case project statement and step number 1 to ensure you cover all of the requested topics. Refer to Tech Republic Article about Powerpoint (Links to an external site.) for proper use of developing presentations in PowerPoint. I expect to see:
Do you feel that countries and companies need explicit strategies for technology development, given the tremendous amount of largely spontaneous creativity that occurs today, often in areas where new technologies are not expected to exert a great influence. Why or why not?
While this weeks topic highlighted the uncertainty of Big Data, the author identified the following as areas for future research. Pick one of the following for your Research paper:
Additional study must be performed on the interactions between each big data characteristic, as they do not exist separately but naturally interact in the real world.
The scalability and efficacy of existing analytics techniques being applied to big data must be empirically examined.
New techniques and algorithms must be developed in ML and NLP to handle the real-time needs for decisions made based on enormous amounts of data.
More work is necessary on how to efficiently model uncertainty in ML and NLP, as well as how to represent uncertainty resulting from big data analytics.
Since the CI algorithms are able to find an approximate solution within a reasonable time, they have been used to tackle ML problems and uncertainty challenges in data analytics and process in recent years.
Your paper should meet these requirements:
Be approximately four to six pages in length, not including the required cover page and reference page.
Follow APA 7 guidelines. Your paper should include an introduction, a body with fully developed content, and a conclusion.
Support your answers with the readings from the course and at least two scholarly journal articles to support your positions, claims, and observations, in addition to your textbook.
Be clearly and well-written, concise, and logical, using excellent grammar and style techniques. You are being graded in part on the quality of your writing.
What is the history of the network models? What are four layers of the TCP/IP Model and how are they used? How does the networking protocol work?
Search the peer-reviewed literature to identify its potential impact on networking and what measures can be put in place to minimize the effect.
