This is the first of a series of five assignments focusing on software engineering ethics.

Read the attached Ethics-1.pdf  Download Ethics-1.pdf document explains what Ethics mean when we talk about it in the context of software engineering. Complete the reading and then proceed to the two case studies in the Part One of the focusing area: The types of harms the public can suffer as result of software engineers’ work and the harms they can prevent.

Based on the two case studies, you will answer 6 questions in this reading. Because for many ethics questions there is no absolutely right or wrong answers as such, your responses will be graded based on completeness and thoughtfulness as opposed to rote or perfunctory ones.

There are three grade levels for this assignment based on your responses to all six questions: 20 (no reasoning in responses), 35 (minimal to little reasoning), and 50 (sufficient reasoning and consideration).

Write your answers in a Word file using Times New Roman font (no smaller than 10 pt but no bigger than 12 pt), single spacing, 1″ margins on all sides.

 Question 1.1: What kinds of harm has Mike probably suffered as a result of this incident? What kinds of harm has Sarah probably suffered? (Make your answers as full as possible; identify as many kinds of harm done as you can think of). 

Question 1.2: Could the problem with Mike’s account have been the result of an action (or a failure to perform an action) by a software engineer? How many possible scenarios/explanations for this event can you think of that involve the conduct of one or more software engineers? Briefly explain the scenarios:

 Question 1.3: Taking into account what we said about ethics in the introduction, could any of the scenarios you imagined involve an ethical failure of the engineer(s) responsible? How? Explain: *Note: An ethical failure would be preventable, and one that a good human being with appropriate professional care and concern would and should have prevented (or at least have made a serious effort to prevent) 

 Question 1.4: In what ways could Karen potentially be harmed by this app, depending on how it is designed and how her shopping data is handled and used? Identify a few harmful scenarios you can think of, and the types of harm she could suffer in each: 

Question 1.5: Which if any of these harms could result from ethical failings on the part of the people who developed Errand Whiz? How, specifically? 

Question 1.6: What actions could the people behind Errand Whiz take to prevent these harms? Are they ethically obligated to prevent them? Why or why not? Explain your answer. 

Google Analytics Report Of Google Merchandise Store (Demo Account) 2020

 It was a task to create a Google Analytics Report of Google Merchandise report for a demo account in 2020 

Part of lab lesson 8

There are two parts to lab lesson 8. The entire lab will be worth 100 points.

Lab lesson 8 part 1 is worth 50 points

For part 1 you will have 40 points if you enter the program and successfully run the program tests. An additional 10 points will be based on the style and formatting of your C++ code.

Style points

The 10 points for coding style will be based on the following guidelines:

• Comments at the start of your programming with a brief description of the purpose of the program.
• Comments throughout your program
• Proper formatting of your code (follow the guidelines in the Gaddis text book, or those used by your CS 1336 professor)
• If you have any variables they must have meaningful names.

Development in your IDE

For lab lesson 8 (both parts) you will be developing your solutions using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) such as Visual Studio, Code::Blocks or Eclipse. You should use whatever IDE you are using for your CS 1336 class. Once you have created and tested your solutions you will be uploading the files to zyBooks/zyLabs. Your uploaded file must match the name specified in the directions for the lab lesson. You will be using an IDE and uploading the appropriate files for this and all future lab lessons.

For this and all future labs the name of the source files must be:

lessonXpartY.cpp

Where X is the lab lesson number (8 for lab lesson 8) and Y is the part number (1 for part 1, 2 for part 2).

You will need to develop and test the program in your IDE. Once you are satisfied that it is correct you will need to upload the source file to zyBooks/zyLabs, and submit it for the Submit mode tests. If your program does not pass all of the tests you need to go back to the IDE, and update your program to fix the problems you have with the tests. You must then upload the program from the IDE to zyBooks/zylabs again. You can then run the tests again in Submit mode.

When running your program in Submit mode it is very important that you look at the output from all of the tests. You should then try and fix all of the problems in your IDE and then upload the updated code to zyBooks/zyLabs.

C++ requirements

You are not allowed to use any global variables. Use of global variables will result in a grade of zero for part 1. Global variables are those that are declared outside the scope of any function. See the Gaddis text book for more details.

Make sure you exactly match any function signatures that are required by the exercise. The function signatures are:

double readSeconds()

double calculateEarthDistance(double seconds)

double calculateMoonDistance(double seconds)

void displayResults(double seconds, double earthDistance, double moonDistance)

The program must use type double for calculations.

Failure to follow the C++ requirements could reduce the points received from passing the tests.

General overview

Your program will calculate the distance an object travels (in meters) on Earth for a specified number of seconds. You will also calculate the distance traveled on the Moon (in meters) for the specified number of seconds.

Your program must have the main function and, at least, the following four additional functions. The signatures for these functions must be as follows:

double readSeconds()

double calculateEarthDistance(double seconds)

double calculateMoonDistance(double seconds)

void displayResults(double seconds, double earthDistance, double moonDistance)

The readSeconds function will be an input function that will read in a double value from cin and return that value back to main.

The calculateEarthDistance function will calculate the distance an object falls (on Earth) during the specified number of seconds.

The calculateMoonDistance function will calculate the distance an object falls (on the Moon) during the specified number of seconds.

The displayResults function that will display the number of seconds an object has fallen as well as the distance the object has fallen on the Earth and on the Moon.

You can have additional function is needed.

Here is a summary of the processing that is required in the various functions:

double readSeconds()

This function reads in a value from cin. If the value is less than zero the function should output a message.

The value read in (valid or not) should be returned to the calling function.

The prompt from the function should be:

Enter the time (in seconds)

If the value is less than zero you should output the following message.

The time must be zero or more

double calculateEarthDistance(double seconds)

This function calculates the distance traveled (on Earth) during the number of seconds pass in as a parameter. The distance is calculated in meters and is returned to the calling function.

The formula is:

d = 0.5 * g * pow(t, 2)

Where d is distance (in meters), t is time (in seconds) and g is 9.8 meters / second squared (the acceleration due to gravity on the earth).

Use good variable names and not just d, g and t. Use double values for your calculations.

double calculateMoonDistance(double seconds)

This function calculates the distance traveled (on the Moon) during the number of seconds pass in as a parameter. The distance is calculated in meters and is returned to the calling function.

The formula is the same as the formula on Earth, but the value of g is different. For the Moon g is 1.6 meters / second squared.

Use good variable names and not just d, g and t. Use double values for your calculations.

void displayResults(double seconds, double earthDistance, double moonDistance)

The displayResults function takes three parameters of type double. The first is the number of seconds and the second is the distance traveled on the Earth, and the third parameter is the distance traveled on the Moon. Note that the displayResults function must be passed the values for seconds, earthDistance, and moonDistance. The displayResults function MUST NOT call readSeconds, calculateEarthDistance, or calculateMoonDistance.

The output is the text:

The object traveled xxx.xxxx meters in zz.zz seconds on Earth

The object traveled yy.yyyy meters in zz.zz seconds on the Moon

Note that the distance is output with four digits to the right of the decimal point while seconds is output with two digits to the right of the decimal point. Both are in fixed format.

Assume that the number of seconds is 10.5, the output would be:

The object traveled 540.2250 meters in 10.50 seconds on Earth

The object traveled 88.2000 meters in 10.50 seconds on the Moon

int main()

The main function will be the driver for your program.

First you need a loop that will process input values until you get an input value that is equal to 0. You will get this input value by calling the readSeconds function.

If the value is greater than zero the main function needs to call the calculateEarthDistance, calculateMoonDistance, and displayResults functions.

If the value is less than zero the loop should end and your program should then end.

Note that all of the required non-main functions are called from main.

For the following sample run assume the input is as follows:

-12.5

-3.5

10.5

4.2

0

Your program should output the following:

Enter the time (in seconds)

The time must be zero or more

Enter the time (in seconds)

The time must be zero or more

Enter the time (in seconds)

The object traveled 540.2250 meters in 10.50 seconds on Earth

The object traveled 88.2000 meters in 10.50 seconds on the Moon

Enter the time (in seconds)

The object traveled 86.4360 meters in 4.20 seconds on Earth

The object traveled 14.1120 meters in 4.20 seconds on the Moon

Enter the time (in seconds)

Note that a zero is used to terminate the loop, but a value of zero is actually a valid value for seconds. We just aren’t using that value in this program.

Failure to follow the requirements for lab lessons can result in deductions to your points, even if you pass the validation tests. Logic errors, where you are not actually implementing the correct behavior, can result in reductions even if the test cases happen to return valid answers. This will be true for this and all future lab lessons.

Expected output

There are seven tests.

The first three tests will run your program with input and check your output to make sure it matches what is expected.

The next three tests are unit tests.

The unit tests are programs that have been written that will call your calculateEarthDistance and calculateMoonDistance functions to make sure it is correctly processing the arguments and generating the correct replies.

The unit tests will directly call the calculateEarthDistance and calculateMoonDistance functions. The compilation of the unit tests could fail if your calculateEarthDistance and calculateMoonDistance functions do not have the required signatures.

The unit tests will also test any results to make sure you have followed the directions above.

The last test will only have invalid data to make sure your program works properly in that environment.

For the output tests (the first three tests and the last test) you will get yellow highlighted text when you run the tests if your output is not what is expected. This can be because you are not getting the correct result. It could also be because your formatting does not match what is required. The checking that zyBooks does is very exacting and you must match it exactly. More information about what the yellow highlighting means can be found in course “How to use zyBooks” – especially section “1.4 zyLab basics”.

Finally, do not include a system("pause"); statement in your program. This will cause your verification steps to fail.

Note: that the system("pause"); command runs the pause command on the computer where the program is running. The pause command is a Windows command. Your program will be run on a server in the cloud. The cloud server may be running a different operating system (such as Linux).

Error message “Could not find main function”

Now that we are using functions some of the tests are unit tests. In the unit tests the zyBooks environment will call one or more of your functions directly.

To do this it has to find your main function.

Right now zyBooks has a problem with this when your int main() statement has a comment on it.

For example:

If your main looks as follows:

int main() // main function

You will get an error message:

Could not find main function

You need to change your code to:

// main function

int main()

If you do not make this change you will continue to fail the unit tests.

At UC, it is a priority that students are provided with strong educational programs and courses that allow them to be servant-leaders in their disciplines and communities, linking research with practice and knowledge with ethical decision-making. This assignment is a written assignment where students will demonstrate how this course research has connected and put into practice within their own career.

Assignment:
Provide a reflection of at least 500 words (or 2 pages double spaced) of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment. If you are not currently working, share times when you have or could observe these theories and knowledge could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study. 

Requirements:

Provide a 500 word (or 2 pages double spaced) minimum reflection.

Use of proper APA formatting and citations. If supporting evidence from outside resources is used those must be properly cited.

Share a personal connection that identifies specific knowledge and theories from this course.

Demonstrate a connection to your current work environment. If you are not employed, demonstrate a connection to your desired work environment. 

You should not, provide an overview of the assignments assigned in the course. The assignment asks that you reflect how the knowledge and skills obtained through meeting course objectives were applied or could be applied in the workplace.

Be sure to not self-plagiarize as this assignment is similar in multiple courses.

In this project Data structues must be used in C++ language to perform the given tasks

Select one of the seven network problems and develop a troubleshooting and tool report that details the solution.

1. On Day 2 of full operational capability (FOC), our connection to the internet was becoming intermittent. We could establish connections to our globally hosted servers some of the time. The connection would drop at seemingly random periods and we don’t know why. We have experienced this day and night, and it has been consistent for the past three days.
2. When our connection to the internet is working, we seemingly cannot reach out to our globally dispersed servers from our hosts. We use the globally dispersed servers for command and control and must be able to connect to them. We need a method to determine where the packets are going and why they are not reaching their destination. Because these servers are globally distributed, we can’t just pick up and deploy to them.
3. Our internal network servers are also spotty. Sometimes they are up, and sometimes they are down. For example, the DHCP server appears to provide IP addresses to hosts that are turned on sometimes, but other times when the host is turned on, it receives an Automatic Private IP Address (APIPA). These hosts can communicate with our networked hosts locally, but they can’t reach out to our global servers. These hosts enable our persistent engagement capability, so they must be functional, and we need to determine the problem ASAP!
4. We have a team that can troubleshoot from afar, but the members are located 25 miles west of this location. We have one of the tech support personnel deployed on site, but there are just too many issues for one person. The support team that is 25 miles west is centrally located to support multiple operational outfits. That team has a virtual private network (VPN) and secure access to our internal servers. At times, support team members need to determine which of our hosts are functioning. We use both Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems, but we don’t know what tool will help determine host functionality from afar.
5. This next part is classified, but I need your help, and I need it fast. Bottom line, we believe there may be an insider threat. At times, we have reason to believe a nonapproved device is connecting to the network and reaching out to the internet. We need a method to determine what devices exist on the same subnet of our network. What can help us do that?
6. When we begin operations in 72 hours, it will be of utmost importance for us to know what device name is associated with what IP address. This will allow us to know what exists internally and what we need to defend should the adversary begin operations against us. We need to understand what options exist to achieve this task.
7. When we first arrived and established our connection to the internet, we noticed inbound connection requests. What tool can we use to determine if any adversary is reaching into our systems through a particular port or protocol?

Your report should be about a page in length and address the following:

• Choose and restate one of the problems identified as you understand it and explain why it is a problem.
• Describe how you would apply the steps in the Network+ troubleshooting model to this problem.
• Name and provide a brief overview of the tool that could solve this problem (refer to Lesson 17 in uCertify).
• Describe how the tool can be used to solve similar problems in the future.
• Provide a detailed overview of the tool’s functionality and options.
• Include a screenshot of your selected tool from the appropriate uCertify lab.

The SITREP (Situation Report) Sample Report is provided so that you can understand what Cyber Command is expecting in your report. Your report will vary depending on the problem and tool selected.

How Will My Work Be Evaluated?

Troubleshooting refers to the process of identifying problems with a network through a rigorous and repeatable process and then solving those problems using testable methods. An important part of your duties in the networking field will be to troubleshoot and solve problems. In fact, most of your time will be spent with this focus to include optimizing performance. Networks are dynamic in implementation and are built to be resilient, but problems arise due to many unforeseen reasons. Developing the knowledge, skills, and experience to successfully troubleshoot and recommend solutions will show you are value-added to the organization.

For this assignment, you are asked to review a scenario, understand the problems, apply your knowledge and skills gained in this class, and propose a solution. Use the template provided and complete the assignment. An example solution is provided for you.

The following evaluation criteria aligned to the competencies will be used to grade your assignment:

• 1.2.3: Explain specialized terms or concepts to facilitate audience comprehension.
• 1.3.5: Adhere to required attribution and citation standards.
• 1.4.1: Produce grammatically correct material in standard academic English that supports the communication.
• 2.1.1: Identify the issue or problem under consideration.
• 2.3.1: State conclusions or solutions clearly and precisely.
• 10.1.1: Identify the problem to be solved.
• 13.1.1: Create documentation appropriate to the stakeholder.

If you haven’t already done so last week, download the Troubleshooting and Tools Report Template and use it to record your work.

When you are finished, delete the instructional text from the template before you submit. Click “add a file” to upload your work, then click the Submit button.

In order to complete Assignment #5 you will need to answer the below questions. Please complete the questions in a Word document and then upload the assignment for grading. When assigning a name to your document please use the following format (last name_Assignment #5). Use examples from the readings, lecture notes and outside research to support your answers. The assignment must be a minimum of 1-full page in length with a minimum of 2 outside sources. Please be sure to follow APA guidelines for citing and referencing sources. Assignments are due by 11:59 pm Eastern Time on Sunday.

1. Identify and explain the factors that have limited local law enforcement efforts against digital crime.

2. Explain and describe the best practices for the collection, preservation, transportation, and storage of electronic evidence.

3. What is the importance of chain of custody as it relates to computer crime?

refer to the attached document

Provide (4) 150 words substantive response with a minimum of 1 APA references for RESPONSES 1, 2, 3 and 4 below. Ensure you list and break down each response in a word document. Response provided should further discuss the subject or provide more insight. To further understand the response, below is the discussion post that’s discusses the responses. 100% original work and not plagiarized. Must meet deadline.

RESPONSE 1:

ISSC 471

1. What is IT Security Auditing? What does it involve?

An IT security audit is a comprehensive examination and assessment of an information security system. By conducting regular audits, organizations can identify weak spots and vulnerabilities in their IT infrastructure, verify security controls, ensure regulatory compliance, and more. It involves running scans on IT resources like file-sharing services, database servers and SaaS applications to assess network security, data access levels, user access rights and other system configurations. It includes physically inspecting data centers for resilience to fires, floods, and power surges as part of a disaster recovery evaluation. Finally, it involves interviewing employees outside the IT team to assess their knowledge of security concerns and adherence to company security policy.

2. Why are Governance and Compliance Important?

To ensure that businesses protect their information, have consistent cohesion departmentally, and follow all governmental regulations, a governance, risk, and compliance program is important. This helps to minimize the threats and risks that companies are exposed to on a daily basis.

3. Explain in detail the roles and responsibilities in an organization associated with the following:

According to our lesson, the risk manager, auditor, and executive manager have the following responsibilities:

• Risk Manager – responsible      for identifying organizational risk.
• Auditor – responsible for      conducting information assurance audit and applying frameworks to the      seven domains to align with compliance.
• Executive Manager – responsible      for aligning external or internal compliance with governance requirements.

4. Define the Certification and Accreditation (C&A) Process and briefly discuss the phases of C&A.

It is my understanding that the C&A process is outdated, and we now use assessment and authorization (A&A) to follow terminology in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Risk Management Framework (RMF). In my job, we follow NIST guidelines, and all of our accreditation processes follow the RMF process. The C& process was initiation and planning, certification, accreditation, and then continuous monitoring. Though I never worked with the C&A process, I have been working with RMF for about 2 years now, and it is very involved.

References:

Tierney, M. (2020, Aug 5) IT Security Audits: The Key to Success. Retrieved from: https://blog.netwrix.com/2020/04/09/it-security-audit/

Hall, K.T. (n.d.) Why a Governance, Risk, and Compliance Program is Important for Your Business. Retrieved from: https://www.scripted.com/writing-samples/why-a-governance-risk-and-compliance-program-is-important-for-your-business

Sengupta, S. (2018, Apr 13) Cyber Security – Certification and Accreditation. Retrieved from: https://www.nxtkey.com/cyber-security-certification-and-accreditation

-JAMIE

RESPONSE 2:

1. What is IT Security Auditing? What does it involve?

According to the reading this week an IT Security Audit is an internal assessment of an organizations policies, controls, and activities. An audit ensures that an organization is in compliance with legal regulations and that their security controls are adequate. Audits can involve any number of aspects within a business’ activities including finances, compliance, operations, investigations and information technology. An IT Security Audit also involves three goals, providing an objective and review of policies, providing reasonable assurance controls are in place, and recommendations for improvement.

 2. Why are Governance and Compliance Important?

As businesses become ever more reliant on technology governance and compliance become a more integral part of business function. Governance of IT systems ensures proper use as well as compliance and risk management, all vital to the success in a business environment. Compliance is important and beneficial to all aspects of a business, it ensures the reliability as well as public trust of a business which is vital to the business’ success.

 3. Explain in details the roles and responsibilities in an organization associated with the following:

   Risk Manager- A risk manager is familiar with the risks and vulnerabilities that an organization faces, as well as creating and evaluating risk management procedures. They are also responsible for knowing auditing controls as well as reporting procedures (Patel, 2016)
    Auditor- The roles and responsibilities of an auditor include assessing current security controls and risk management procedures, advise management on how to improve security controls, evaluate risks, and analyze internal operations (Kumar, 2017)
    Executive Manager- The Executive Manager is responsible for ensuring their department is aligned with company vision and goals. They help to create and implement policies and procedures, and they make business decisions, such as security policy changes, based on the information received from the risk manager and auditor (Woodman, 2018)

4. Define the Certification and Accreditation (C&A) Process and briefly discuss the phases of C&A.

The Certification and Accreditation process is a standardized process, activities, and management to validate, implement and ensure security. The phases of the C&A process include Phase I Initiation and Planning: Which defines the C&A effort, it documents the steps needed to achieve the desired accreditation. Phase II Certification: This phase verifies system compliance with the identified security standards. Phase III Accreditation: Here validation is made that the system is compliant and security accreditation is achieved. Phase IV Post Accreditation: This phase continuously monitors the system to ensure it remains compliant with accreditation standards (QTS, 2019).

Alysha Macleod

Kumar N. (2017) Roles and Responsibilities of an Internal Auditor. EnterSlice

https://enterslice.com/learning/roles-and-responsibilities-of-internal-auditor/

Patel N. (2016) A Risk Manager’s Role in Strategic Leadership. NIC State.

https://erm.ncsu.edu/library/article/risk-manager-strategic-leadership

QTS. (2019) The Four Phases of the Certification and Accreditation Process. QTS

https://www.qtsdatacenters.com/resources/articles/the-four-phases-of-the-certification-and-accreditation-process

Woodman C. (2018) Job Description of an Executive Manager. Career Trend

https://careertrend.com/about-6507018-executive-manager-job-description.html

ISSC 341

RESPONSE 3:

There are 7 layers to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, but I will be discussing layers one and two. The first layer, physical layer, is responsible for the physical cable or wireless connection between the network nodes. It defines the connector, the electrical cable or wireless technology connecting the devices, and is responsible for transmission of raw data (Os and 1s). The second layer, data link layer, establishes and terminates a connection between two physically connected nodes on a network. It is comprised of two parts, Logical Link Control (LLC) which identifies protocols and performs error checking/synchronizes frames. Media Access Control (MAC) uses MAC addresses to connect devices and define permissions to transmit and receive data.

           IPv6 is the latest version of internet protocol and was introduced in 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to solve address space exhaustion. IPv6 uses 128-bit addressing instead of IPv4 32-bit addressing scheme. What that means is IPv4 address method uses four sets of one-to-three-digit number (192.0.2.146), and IPv6 uses eight groups of four hexadecimal digits (2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334). While IPv6 may seem more secure and will eventually replace IPv4 one day, the adoption of it has been delayed because there’s a dual stack requirement. IPv6 is not backwards compatible with IPv4. There is a problem with the network address translation (NAT), which takes private IP address and turns them into public IP addresses.

           IPv4 allows for a variation of the network and host segments of an IP address, known as subnetting. It can be used to design a network physically and logically. Subnetwork addresses enhance local routing capabilities, while reducing number of address required. The subnet mask is used to show what part of the addresses is the network portion and what part is the host portion. In IPv4, there are 3 default subnet masks corresponding to three classes of IP address.

           Hope everyone is having a great start to their week!

Regards,

Al

Works Cited:

McKeever, G., Sillam, Y., R.M., Hathaway, M., Houcheime, W., P.W., Kerman, D., Lynch, B., Hewitt, N., & Ray, T. (2020, June 10). What is OSI Model | 7 Layers Explained | Imperva. Learning Center. https://www.imperva.com/learn/application-security/osi-model/

Fruhlinger, K. S. A. J. (2020, August 26). What is IPv6, and why aren’t we there yet? Network World. https://www.networkworld.com/article/3254575/what-is-ipv6-and-why-aren-t-we-there-yet.html

Google IPv6 adoption Statistics. (2020). IPv6. https://nfware.com/blog-what-is-ipv6

IPv4 subnetting. (2021). IPv4 Subnetting. https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/zos/2.4.0?topic=internetworking-ipv4-subnetting

-ALI

RESPONSE 4:

1. For this discussion, compare and contrast two layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model, including the protocols that run on each layer. 

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model consist of 7 layers and they are from top to bottom application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link and physical. The architecture of the OSI reference model is separated into 7 layers so it aids in development, design, and troubleshooting and provides changes in one layer without effecting the other therefor all layers are equally important. These 7 layers of OSI reference model are divided into 2 groups upper (top 3 layers) and lower layers (bottom 4 layers). The upper layers define communication between the applications of the end users and the lower layers define how the data is transmitted between the two applications. Common protocols used in the layers are TCP, IP/IPX and Ethernet for the lower group and for the upper group HTPP, SSL and RPC just to name a few. 

2. What was the reason that IPv6 was introduced? Why do you think many organizations are not

upgrading their network solely to IPv6 and run that protocol instead of running IPv4?

IPv6 was introduced for its capacity over the IPv4, IPv4 is out of IP addresses and holds 4.3 billion addresses. With the growing devices like the smartphone, tablets, computer and other devices IPv4 was not able to support which gave birth to IPv6 which supports 128 bit addressing. Many organizations are not upgrading because IPv4 is enough for the company and because the internet at large doesn’t support IPv6 end to end there is a need to encapsulate IPv6 traffic into IPv4.

3. What is the purpose of subnetting when using IPv4 addressing? What role does subnet mask play in subnetting of IPv4?

Subnetting provides network security, better performance while providing clean separation for troubleshooting. Subnet mask plays important part of masking the IP address. Looking forward to reading other post and learning the role of IPv4 and 6 as my knowledge on the subject is limited. Have a good rest of the week.

References:

Imperva. (n.d.). What is OSI Model | 7 Layers Explained | Imperva? Learning Center. Retrieved from https://www.imperva.com/learn/application-security/osi-model/

PARR, B. (2011, February 03). IPv4 & IPv6: A Short Guide. Retrieved March 05, 2019, from Mashable:

https://mashable.com/2011/02/03/ipv4-ipv6-guide/#MFRFxeOnk

-TAVEN

 12 Ways To Create An Unmissable  Cyber Security Awareness Campaign, 

Please see attached document and write 12 different ways to create unmissable cyber security awareness campaign. 

12 ways are already define in the doc but need to modify the heading and the content. (Meaning should be the same but in different words)