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There is often a requirement to evaluate descriptive statistics for data within an organization or for health care information. Every year, the National Cancer Institute collects and publishes data based on patient demographics. Understanding differences between the groups based upon the collected data often informs health care professionals about research, treatment options, or patient education.

Using the data on the “National Cancer Institute Data” Excel spreadsheet (attached), calculate the descriptive statistics indicated below for each of the race/ethnicity groups. Refer to your textbook and the topic Resources, as needed, for assistance with creating Excel formulas.

Provide the following descriptive statistics:

1. Measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode.
2. Measures of variation: variance, standard deviation, and range (a formula is not needed for range).
3. Once the data are calculated, provide a 150-250-word analysis of the descriptive statistics on the spreadsheet. This should include differences and health outcomes between groups.

APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

This assignment uses a rubric (attached). Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 

• Describe a project that has been implemented in your setting. This can be the adoption of a new form for teaching or recording assessments, a new piece of equipment, or any new or changed policy or procedure that affects patient care. Why was a decision made to make the change? Was a problem identified, or did someone read/hear about the change and suggest it be brought to your setting?
• Find a research study or report of a practice change project related to the project that your setting implemented. How strong was the evidence (provide the relevant descriptive statistics from the study or report and interpret their strength).
• How were the staff members informed that the change was coming?
• How were staff members educated on the change? How long did the training take? What was involved?
• What was the reaction of staff members to the change?
• Describe what went well and what challenges were identified as the change was actually implemented.
• Did the change make the intended difference in the outcome? What was the actual data used for evaluation of the success of the project?
• Has the change been sustained over time?
• What are the barriers to change in your setting?
• What are the facilitators to change in your setting?

Psychopharmacology Scavenger Hunt Concept Map

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Describe the rationale for the application of ethical guidelines in data collection. Using an article that you cited in the Article Analysis 1 or Article Analysis 2 assignments (see attachments), evaluate the article from a Christian worldview perspective and identify potential ethical considerations that may have occurred when sampling, collecting data, analyzing data, or publishing results. Provide rationale and support for your evaluation.

Initial discussion question posts should be a minimum of 200 words and include at least two references cited using APA format.

Describe how epidemiological data influence changes in health practices. Provide an example and explain what data would be necessary to make a change in practice.

Initial discussion question posts should be a minimum of 200 words and include at least two references cited using APA format.

 Reply for the following Discussion, more than 200 words and Turnitin less than 20 %. at least 2 References. APA format.

Nursing theories are philosophical constructs that attempt to explain, describe, or predict phenomena that occur during nursing care by serving as guides in clinical practice, education, and nursing research (Im, 2021). According to the philosophical level of abstraction, the body of nursing theories is composed of the metaparadigms of nursing (least specific level), grand theories, middle-range theories, and practice theories (highest level of specificity) (Im, 2021). Grand theories of nursing address global aspects of the nursing universe, examples of these theories include: General Systems Theory by Imogene King, Conservation Model by Myra Estrine Levine, Nursing Process Theory by Ida Jean Orlando, Theory of Human Becoming by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, Adaptation Model by Sister Callista Roy, Emancipated Decision Making in Health Care by Wittman-Price, Self-Care Theory by Dorothea Orem (Im, 2021). The development of the grand theories of nursing was a momentous step in the development of nursing and the attainment of an identity (Im, 2021). They were initially used as theoretical frameworks in clinical practice and research; however, their high level of abstraction limited their applicability (Im, 2021). Many of these theories are now considered obsolete because they are very abstract and their adaptation to specific clinical crossroads is not very useful (Im, 2021). In the research branch, the grand theories have lost steam as well, especially in a modern research field more focused on evidence (Im, 2021). Midrange theories have taken over the role those grand theories once played as more specific and more detailed philosophical constructs about nursing phenomena, and clinicians and researchers find midrange theories to be a more accurate guide to decision-making (Wijaya et al., 2022). Although grand theories of nursing are considered obsolete in current practice, they were a milestone in the development of nursing as a scientific discipline with its own identity. 

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